We’ve all seen them: sudden outbursts of public anxiety and outrage focused on a perceived threat, often disproportionate to the actual danger. These are moral panics, and they’re not just spontaneous eruptions of fear. They’re carefully constructed, often with specific agendas in mind. But how exactly are these panics manufactured? Let’s break down the process:
1. Creating the “Enemy”:
- Folk Devils: Every moral panic needs a villain. This is where “folk devils” come in. They can be any individual or group, but they’re always portrayed as outsiders, deviants, or threats to the social order. Think “violent video game players” or “illegal immigrants.”
- Example: In the 1980s, heavy metal music fans were labeled as dangerous and linked to Satanism.
- Exaggeration: The actual threat posed by these folk devils is blown out of proportion. Isolated incidents become evidence of a widespread epidemic. Statistics are cherry-picked or distorted.
- Example: The “crack baby” panic of the 1980s vastly overstated the long-term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure.
2. The Media Machine:
- Sensationalism Sells: News outlets, driven by the need for ratings and clicks, often present the threat in the most dramatic and alarming way possible. Fear-mongering headlines and emotionally charged stories become the norm.
- Example: Tabloid newspapers are notorious for using exaggerated headlines and graphic images to fuel moral panics.
- Repetition Breeds Belief: The constant repetition of stories about the threat, even if they lack substance, creates the illusion of a widespread and urgent problem.
- Example: The 24-hour news cycle can amplify moral panics by constantly repeating the same stories and images.
- Language of Fear: Words matter. The media uses loaded language and imagery to evoke fear and outrage. Think terms like “epidemic,” “invasion,” or “crisis.”
- Example: The term “super-predator” was used in the 1990s to describe young criminals, fueling a panic about youth violence.
3. The “Experts” and Moral Crusaders:
- Claim-makers: These are the individuals or groups who actively campaign to raise awareness of the “threat.” They may be politicians, religious leaders, or even celebrities. Often, they have vested interests in promoting the panic.
- Example: Anti-drug campaigns often feature celebrities who have personal stories about addiction, lending credibility to the cause.
- Experts Lend Credibility: Scientists, academics, or other professionals are often called upon to provide “evidence” to support the claims of moral entrepreneurs. This gives the panic a veneer of scientific legitimacy.
- Example: During the “Satanic Panic,” some therapists claimed to have recovered repressed memories of satanic ritual abuse, despite a lack of evidence.
4. Politics and Power:
- Scapegoating: Moral panics can be a convenient tool for politicians. They can deflect attention from other issues or mobilize support by identifying a common enemy.
- Example: The “War on Drugs” was used by some politicians to appeal to conservative voters and justify harsh sentencing policies.
- Law and Order: Panics often lead to calls for tougher laws and increased police powers. This can result in the erosion of civil liberties and disproportionate targeting of marginalized groups.
- Example: The fear of terrorism after 9/11 led to the passage of the Patriot Act, which expanded surveillance powers and curtailed civil liberties.
5. The Public’s Role:
- Fear is Contagious: The constant barrage of negative news creates a climate of fear and anxiety. People become more susceptible to believing the worst and demanding action.
- Pressure on Authorities: The public puts pressure on authorities to “do something” about the perceived threat, even if it means sacrificing individual freedoms or targeting innocent people.
- Intolerance and Prejudice: Moral panics often lead to increased intolerance and discrimination against the targeted group.
- Example: The fear of immigrants can lead to hate crimes and discrimination against people perceived to be foreign.
Moral panics are not just spontaneous outbreaks of fear; they are often carefully orchestrated events with serious consequences. By understanding how they are manufactured, we can be more critical of information and less susceptible to fearmongering. We can also challenge those who seek to exploit our fears for their own gain. Remember, critical thinking and empathy are our best defenses against the manipulation of moral panics.
